8507770022
kspkendriyavidyalaya@gmail.com
8507770022
kspkendriyavidyalaya@gmail.com
Reproduction which an organism produces its offspring (young) of its own kindis called reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:-Thereproduction in which single parent is involved and gamete formation does not take place is called asexual reproduction.
E.g. microorganisms.
Asexual reproduction is found in the single-celled organism such as the archaebacteria, eubacteria etc. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. Sexual Reproduction:-Thereproduction in which two parents are involved and gamete formation takes place is called sexual reproduction. E.g. Human,tigerNOTE:-In animals, males and females have different reproductive parts or organs. The reproductive parts in animals produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. It is the zygote which develops into a new individual. This type of reproduction beginning from the fusion of male and female gametes is called sexual reproduction.Reproductive Organs in Humans:1.Male Reproductive System: consist of following structure: Scrotum, Testes. Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, Accessory gland, Epididymis.
Scrotum: One pair skin pouch hanging from lower outer abdominal wall and each scrotum contains one testis.
Functions of scrotum
Testis:-The primary sexual organ of males is called testis because it is site for sperm formation and secretion of male Hormone called testosterone.
Position: In the scrotum, outside the coelomic cavity.
Structure of sperm:A sperm is a single celled male gamete with three parts:-
NOTE: The sperms are mobile because of long tail.
Epididymis:-The long coiled tubular structure that presents around testis is called epididymis.
Inguinal canal: It is the passage through which testis descents from abdominal cavity into scrotum.
Gubernaculum: Are connective fibres which connects the testis with wall of scrotal sac.
Spermatic cord: Is the cord of connective fibres and blood vessel through which testis is hanging within scrotum from its original position within abdomen.
Vas deferens (Sperm Duct): One pair, thin ducts that originates from epididymis, and inters within abdomen connects with duct of seminal vesicle and opens into upper part of urethra as ejaculatory duct.
Ejaculatory duct: Are one pair, each are short highly muscular & thick walled tubular structure.
Urethra(20cm): Single, long tubular passage open at the tip of penis as urinogenital aperture.
Penis: Single, long and cylindrical muscular organ lying between left and right scratum hanging from outside of body.
NOTE: Testis are responsible for producing the male gamete known as the sperm by a process called as spermatogenesis. This occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The testes are also responsible for secreting the male reproductive hormone testosterone.
The hormone testosterone not only helps in the formation of the sperm but also in the development of secondary sexual characters in males such as deepening of the voice, facial and pubic hair during puberty.
Accessory reproductive gland
Female Reproductive System:-
Consist of:-Ovaries, oviduct(fallopian tube), Uterus, Vagina, Vulva(external genetalia). Ovaries:
Infundibulum:-Lower most part of fallopian tube.
It is funnel shaped.
Ampulla: Site for fertilization of ovum
Longest and largest part of fallopian tube.
Uterine part:Opens into the cavity of uterus.
FUNCTION:
Site for implantation.
Site for embryo development. If fertilization takes place.
FUNCTION:
Expelled out menstrual flow.
Acts as birth canal.
Site for copulation.
NOTE:The egg is formed under the influence of both female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. This process is known as Oogenesis.
Fertilization:
The process of fusion of a male gamete (Sperm) with a female gamete (Ovum) is called fertilization.
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External fertilization Internal fertilization
1. Internal Fertilisation:-The fertilization that takes place inside the animal’s body is called internal fertilization.
2. External Fertilisation: The fusion of a male and a female gamete takes place outside the body of the animal’s body is called external fertilization.
Conception and Child Birth:Development of Embryo: Development of embryo takes place in the female reproductive system through following steps:
1. Every month, a single egg comes out of the ovary and reaches the fallopian tube of female reproductive system.
2. During copulation, sperms reach the Fallopian tube where a sperm fertilizes the egg. This results in formation of zygote.
3. The zygote divides repeatedly to give rise to a ball of cells. The cells then begin to form groups that develop into different tissues and organs of the body. This developing structure is termed an embryo.
4. The embryo gets implanted in the wall of the uterus for further gradually developed the body parts such as hands, legs, head, eyes, ears, etc.
5. The stage of the embryo in which all the body parts can be identified is called a foetus. When the development of the foetus is complete, the mother gives birth to the baby.
Gestation:-The period from conception to child birth is called gestation period.
PLACENTA:-Only structure/organ in human which derived from two different individual.
IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation):
1. A biological process carried out in laboratory is called in-vitro. Thus, fertilization carried out in laboratory is called in-vitro fertilization.
2. Some women are unable to bear babies because of oviducts are blocked in result sperms cannot reach the egg for fertilization. Doctors collect freshly released egg and sperms and keep them together for a few hours for IVF or in vitro fertilization (fertilization outside the body).
3. If fertilization occurs, the zygote is allowed to develop for about a week and then it is transferred in the mother’s uterus. Whole development takes place in the uterus and the baby is born like any other baby. Babies born through this technique are called test-tube babies.Formation of Egg Shell in Hens:
Internal fertilization takes place in hens. After fertilization, the zygote divides continuously and moves to the oviduct. As it travels down, many protective layers are formed around it. The hard shell in a hen’s egg is one such protective layer. After the hard shell is formed, the hen finally lays the egg. The embryo takes about 3 weeks to develop into a chick. The hen sits on the eggs to provide sufficient warmth. After the chick is completely developed it bursts open the egg shell.
Based on their ability to lay eggs or to give birth to young ones, animals are divided into two types,
Viviparous and Oviparous Animals:
1. The animals which give birth to young ones are called viviparous animals. Examples- Human being, dog, cows.
2. Those animals which lay eggs are called oviparous animals. Examples – hen, frog etc.
Young Ones to Adults:
1. Direct Development: When the young ones of an animal resemble the adult, then direct development takes place, e.g. hen, man, monkey, etc.
2. Indirect Development: When the young ones of an animal do not resemble the adult, then indirect development takes place, e.g. frog, butterfly, silk moth, etc.
3. Metamorphosis: In case of indirect development, transformation of young ones into adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. Ex: Larva of butterfly undergoes metamorphosis to become a butterfly. A tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to become a frog.
Asexual Reproduction Methods: The process of reproduction in which new individuals are produced from single parent. Example - Microorganisms.
1.Budding: This method is seen in multicellular animals which are highly simple in structure. A small bud develops on the body. The bud develops and starts resembling its mother. After that, the bud gets detached from the mother’s body to begin life as a new individual.
Asexual reproductionin whichindividuals develop from the bud is called budding Examples: Hydra and sponges.
2. Binary Fission:This method of reproduction is seen in unicellular animals, example- amoeba, leishmania etc.Asexual reproduction in which an animal reproduces by dividing into two individual is called binary fission.In this method, an organism divides into two daughter cells. When the Amoeba cell reached its maximum size of growth then first the nucleus of amoeba lengthens and divides into two parts. After that the cytoplasm of amoeba divides into two parts one part around each nucleus. And one amoeba divide to form two small amoebae(called daughter amoebae). 
Daughter amoebae grow to their full size by eating food then divide again to produce four amoebae, and so on.Leishmania is a unicellular parasitic animal which causes the disease known as Kala-azar(black fever).
Cloning:
1. Cloning is process of production of an exact copy of a cell, any other living part, or a complete organism. Cloning process of an animal was successfully performed for the first time by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. They cloned successfully a sheep named Dolly.
2. During the process of cloning sheep named Dolly, a cell was collected from the mammary gland of a female Finn Dorsett sheep. Simultaneously, an egg was collected from a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus was removed from the egg. After that, the nucleus of the mammary gland cell from the Finn Dorsett sheep was inserted into the egg of the Scottish blackface ewe whose nucleus had been removed. Then this egg was implanted into the Scottish blackface ewe. Development of this egg followed normally and then finally Dolly was born. It was found to be absolutely identical to the Finn Dorsett sheep from which the nucleus was taken.
Reproduction which an organism produces its offspring (young) of its own kindis called reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:-Thereproduction in which single parent is involved and gamete formation does not take place is called asexual reproduction.
E.g. microorganisms.
Asexual reproduction is found in the single-celled organism such as the archaebacteria, eubacteria etc. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. Sexual Reproduction:-Thereproduction in which two parents are involved and gamete formation takes place is called sexual reproduction. E.g. Human,tigerNOTE:-In animals, males and females have different reproductive parts or organs. The reproductive parts in animals produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. It is the zygote which develops into a new individual. This type of reproduction beginning from the fusion of male and female gametes is called sexual reproduction.Reproductive Organs in Humans:1.Male Reproductive System: consist of following structure: Scrotum, Testes. Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, Accessory gland, Epididymis. Scrotum: One pair skin pouch hanging from lower outer abdominal wall and each scrotum contains one testis.
Functions of scrotum
Testis:-The primary sexual organ of males is called testis because it is site for sperm formation and secretion of male Hormone called testosterone.
Position: In the scrotum, outside the coelomic cavity.
Structure of sperm:A sperm is a single celled male gamete with three parts:-
NOTE: The sperms are mobile because of long tail.
Epididymis:-The long coiled tubular structure that presents around testis is called epididymis.
Inguinal canal: It is the passage through which testis descents from abdominal cavity into scrotum.
Gubernaculum: Are connective fibres which connects the testis with wall of scrotal sac.
Spermatic cord: Is the cord of connective fibres and blood vessel through which testis is hanging within scrotum from its original position within abdomen.
Vas deferens (Sperm Duct): One pair, thin ducts that originates from epididymis, and inters within abdomen connects with duct of seminal vesicle and opens into upper part of urethra as ejaculatory duct.
Ejaculatory duct: Are one pair, each are short highly muscular & thick walled tubular structure.
Urethra(20cm): Single, long tubular passage open at the tip of penis as urinogenital aperture.
Penis: Single, long and cylindrical muscular organ lying between left and right scratum hanging from outside of body.
NOTE: Testis are responsible for producing the male gamete known as the sperm by a process called as spermatogenesis. This occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The testes are also responsible for secreting the male reproductive hormone testosterone.
The hormone testosterone not only helps in the formation of the sperm but also in the development of secondary sexual characters in males such as deepening of the voice, facial and pubic hair during puberty.
Accessory reproductive gland
Female Reproductive System:-
Consist of:-Ovaries, oviduct(fallopian tube), Uterus, Vagina, Vulva(external genetalia). Ovaries:
Infundibulum:-Lower most part of fallopian tube.
It is funnel shaped.
Ampulla: Site for fertilization of ovum
Longest and largest part of fallopian tube.
Uterine part:Opens into the cavity of uterus.
FUNCTION:
Site for implantation.
Site for embryo development. If fertilization takes place.
FUNCTION:
Expelled out menstrual flow.
Acts as birth canal.
Site for copulation.
NOTE:The egg is formed under the influence of both female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. This process is known as Oogenesis.
Fertilization:
The process of fusion of a male gamete (Sperm) with a female gamete (Ovum) is called fertilization.
|
|
|
External fertilization Internal fertilization
1. Internal Fertilisation:-The fertilization that takes place inside the animal’s body is called internal fertilization.
2. External Fertilisation: The fusion of a male and a female gamete takes place outside the body of the animal’s body is called external fertilization.
Conception and Child Birth:Development of Embryo: Development of embryo takes place in the female reproductive system through following steps:
1. Every month, a single egg comes out of the ovary and reaches the fallopian tube of female reproductive system.
2. During copulation, sperms reach the Fallopian tube where a sperm fertilizes the egg. This results in formation of zygote.
3. The zygote divides repeatedly to give rise to a ball of cells. The cells then begin to form groups that develop into different tissues and organs of the body. This developing structure is termed an embryo.
4. The embryo gets implanted in the wall of the uterus for further gradually developed the body parts such as hands, legs, head, eyes, ears, etc.
5. The stage of the embryo in which all the body parts can be identified is called a foetus. When the development of the foetus is complete, the mother gives birth to the baby.
Gestation:-The period from conception to child birth is called gestation period.
PLACENTA:-Only structure/organ in human which derived from two different individual.
IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation):
1. A biological process carried out in laboratory is called in-vitro. Thus, fertilization carried out in laboratory is called in-vitro fertilization.
2. Some women are unable to bear babies because of oviducts are blocked in result sperms cannot reach the egg for fertilization. Doctors collect freshly released egg and sperms and keep them together for a few hours for IVF or in vitro fertilization (fertilization outside the body).
3. If fertilization occurs, the zygote is allowed to develop for about a week and then it is transferred in the mother’s uterus. Whole development takes place in the uterus and the baby is born like any other baby. Babies born through this technique are called test-tube babies.Formation of Egg Shell in Hens:
Internal fertilization takes place in hens. After fertilization, the zygote divides continuously and moves to the oviduct. As it travels down, many protective layers are formed around it. The hard shell in a hen’s egg is one such protective layer. After the hard shell is formed, the hen finally lays the egg. The embryo takes about 3 weeks to develop into a chick. The hen sits on the eggs to provide sufficient warmth. After the chick is completely developed it bursts open the egg shell.
Based on their ability to lay eggs or to give birth to young ones, animals are divided into two types,
Viviparous and Oviparous Animals:
1. The animals which give birth to young ones are called viviparous animals. Examples- Human being, dog, cows.
2. Those animals which lay eggs are called oviparous animals. Examples – hen, frog etc.
Young Ones to Adults:
1. Direct Development: When the young ones of an animal resemble the adult, then direct development takes place, e.g. hen, man, monkey, etc.
2. Indirect Development: When the young ones of an animal do not resemble the adult, then indirect development takes place, e.g. frog, butterfly, silk moth, etc.
3. Metamorphosis: In case of indirect development, transformation of young ones into adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. Ex: Larva of butterfly undergoes metamorphosis to become a butterfly. A tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to become a frog.
Asexual Reproduction Methods: The process of reproduction in which new individuals are produced from single parent. Example - Microorganisms.
1.Budding: This method is seen in multicellular animals which are highly simple in structure. A small bud develops on the body. The bud develops and starts resembling its mother. After that, the bud gets detached from the mother’s body to begin life as a new individual.
Asexual reproductionin whichindividuals develop from the bud is called budding Examples: Hydra and sponges.
2. Binary Fission:This method of reproduction is seen in unicellular animals, example- amoeba, leishmania etc.Asexual reproduction in which an animal reproduces by dividing into two individual is called binary fission.In this method, an organism divides into two daughter cells. When the Amoeba cell reached its maximum size of growth then first the nucleus of amoeba lengthens and divides into two parts. After that the cytoplasm of amoeba divides into two parts one part around each nucleus. And one amoeba divide to form two small amoebae(called daughter amoebae). Daughter amoebae grow to their full size by eating food then divide again to produce four amoebae, and so on.Leishmania is a unicellular parasitic animal which causes the disease known as Kala-azar(black fever).
Cloning:
1. Cloning is process of production of an exact copy of a cell, any other living part, or a complete organism. Cloning process of an animal was successfully performed for the first time by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. They cloned successfully a sheep named Dolly.
2. During the process of cloning sheep named Dolly, a cell was collected from the mammary gland of a female Finn Dorsett sheep. Simultaneously, an egg was collected from a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus was removed from the egg. After that, the nucleus of the mammary gland cell from the Finn Dorsett sheep was inserted into the egg of the Scottish blackface ewe whose nucleus had been removed. Then this egg was implanted into the Scottish blackface ewe. Development of this egg followed normally and then finally Dolly was born. It was found to be absolutely identical to the Finn Dorsett sheep from which the nucleus was taken.
